Just as in the original game, the monkeys learned to use a joystick to control the movement of Pac-Man to collect all the pellets inside an enclosed maze while avoiding ghosts. The game was tweaked slightly for the macaque monkeys. Here, we adapted the popular arcade game Pac-Man. Establishing such a behavior paradigm would not only help us to understand advanced cognitive functions in animals but also lay the foundation for a thorough investigation of the underlying neural mechanism. A sufficiently complex behavior task should allow the animal to approach an overall objective with a variety of strategies in which both the objective, its associated rewards and cost, and the behaviors can be measured and quantified. Moreover, despite the continuing effort in studying complex behavior in animals and the underlying neural mechanisms ( Haroush and Williams, 2015 Kira et al., 2015 Ong et al., 2021 Yoo et al., 2020), the level of complexity of the existing animal behavioral paradigms is insufficient for studying how animals manage strategies to simplify a sophisticated task. Many have shown that animals exhibit complex strategy-like behaviors ( Beran et al., 2015 Bird and Emery, 2009 Brotcorne et al., 2017 Gruber et al., 2019 Leca et al., 2021 Loukola et al., 2017 Reinhold et al., 2019 Sabbatini et al., 2014 Sanz et al., 2010), but quantitative studies are lacking. Additionally, the basis strategies can be pieced together and combined into compound strategies to reach grander goals.įor animals living in nature, the ability to flexibly formulate strategies for a complex goal is equally, if not more, crucial in their lives.
As we live in a dynamic world that presents us with unexpected disturbances, it is also crucial to have the flexibility to alter our course of strategies accordingly. With each strategy, individuals may prioritize their gains and risks according to the current situation and solve the decision-making within a smaller scope. They, however, may be approached with a specific and elaborate set of basis strategies.
For it to be acquiring a life with financial stability or winning the heart of your love of life, these ambitious goals are often beyond the reach of any straightforward decision-making tactics. Often, the goals we set out to accomplish are complex.
PLAY PACMAN FULL
Our lives are full of ambitious goals to achieve.
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